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Mikhail Gorbachev was the last* General Secretary of the Communist Party and the last President of the USSR, and his policies of perestroika and glasnost lead to the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991. Perestroika means "restructuring", and was put in place in 1986 to jumpstart the stagnant Soviet economy by creating a reliable program to increase social and economic growth. Laws were passed allowing private ownership of businesses, production levels and prices to be set by priciples of supply and demand, businesses to go bankrupt and to conduct international trade. Glasnost, meaning "publicity", was enacted in 1988 and gave many new freedoms to the people of the Soviet Union, including more freedom of speech. Gorbachev also put into place many political reforms, including multi-candidate elections and the creation of the Congress of People's Deputies, that all eventually led to the weakening of the CPSU and the demise of the Soviet Union.

*Vladimis Ivashko succeeded Gorbachev as General Secretary of the CPSU after Gorbachev's resignation but his reign only lasted 5 days before the collapse of the party.

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