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The four major civilizations of the Middle East are the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. The Sumerians are known for creating one of the first writing systems, cuneiform, while the Akkadians established the first known empire under Sargon. The Babylonians, famous for the Code of Hammurabi, contributed significantly to law and literature, and the Assyrians were known for their military prowess and extensive library, including the Epic of Gilgamesh. Together, these civilizations laid the foundation for many aspects of modern culture, law, and governance.

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