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By the time of Caesar's assassination Octavius' name had changed to Octavian. His name changed when he was adopted by Julius Caesar.

After Caesar's assassination Octavian, Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate. This was an alliance the three men made to seize power. This alliance was made a three-man directorate with dictatorial powers for five years by a law in 43 BC and was renewed for another five years in 37 BC. The triumvirs made war against the forces of the murderers of Caesar and defeated them in the Battle of Philippi in Greece (40 BC). The three men signed the treaty of Brundisium whereby Octavian took charge of the west, March Antony took the east and Lepidus took Africa.

In 36 BC Octavian accused Lepidus of treason and forced him into exile. He ten then turned against Mark Antony and fought a war against him and his ally Cleopatra VII of Egypt. Octavian won and Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide. The victorious Octavian brought the Roman Republic to an end, became the sole ruler of Rome and her empire and changed his name to Augustus.

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