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Republic and Empire are two different types of word. Republic describes a form of government. Empire describes a country's rulership of other territories which are tributary to it. Rome ruled an empire long before the Republican form of government ceased to exist. From the late 3rd Century BCE it began to expand outside the Italian peninsula, and progressively through the 2nd and 1st Centuries BCE absorbed all the territories around the Mediterranean. The Republican form of government changed from 27 BCE. After putting an end to the civil wars, Octavian Augustus declared the Republic restored, but reserved important powers to himself to prevent the re-emergence of warring generals. He took for life the powers of Tribune of the Plebs (veto, introducing laws to the Senate and immunity), pro-magistracy outside Rome, and allocated to himself the provinces which had legions. He did not call himself emperor because there was no such word then. He called himself Princeps (First Citizen), and the form of government he instituted is called the Principate, in which many of the Republican forms continued, but under the strong guidance of the Princeps. This lasted for over 200 years, after which it is called the Dominate, as the government was openly autocratic.

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Can a republic become an empire?

Certainly. A republic can become am empire and an empire can become a republic, or several republics. Any form of government can be changed into any other form of government.


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The accession of Augustus in 28 BCE.


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Rome did not turn from a republic to an empire. The Roman republic already had an empire. In fact, much of Rome's imperial expansion occurred during the Republic. Rome's political system changed from republic to rule by emperors, not from republic to empire. This confusion is caused by historians who use the term empire in two senses. One is the commonly used territorial sense (the conquest of other peoples and their annexation into an empire). The other refers to Rome's period of rule by emperors. The change from republic to rule by emperors was a political one, not an economic one.


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What government did Rome go through prior to becoming an empire?

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Empire.