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At the beginning of the Roman Republic the patricians (the aristocracy) controlled the Roman state by monopolising the consulship (the consuls were the two annually elected heads of the Republic) the seats of the senate and the priesthoods, which in those days had an important political role. With the 200-year long Conflict of the Orders between patricians and plebeians (the commoners, both rich and poor), the rich plebeians managed to obtain power-sharing with the patricians. They gained access to the consulship and the new offices of state which were created as the Republic developed, the seats of the senate and some of the priesthoods. They were co-opted into a patrician-(rich) plebeian oligarchy.

During the period of rule by emperors the emperors appointed the senators from among the patricians and the equites (cavalrymen) who were the second highest social order in Rome, to which the rich plebeians had been co-opted.

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