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At this stage in history the Byzantines had a number of challenges. The most pressing problem was the wars in the Balkans against the Serbs and the encroachments made by the Normans in Italy. Another problem was the Turks in Anatolia who were an ever present problem. But the Kommeni dynasty showed that these foes could be kept at bay provided that Byzantium was unified under a strong emperor. This was the case when Alexius and his son John were emperors. However, after them the quality of emperor's declined, especially after the end of the Kommeni dynasty. The new emperors were not strong enough to keep the nobles in check, a number of civil wars destroyed Byzantium's army and economy.

Therefore, we can conclude the greatest threat was not an external foe, it was the internal political setup. Byzantium needed a strong, competent emperor who could keep the nobles in order and focus the resources of the empire against short/medium term external threats.

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