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Catholic Answer

To be perfectly honest, nothing "divided" the protestant and Catholic Church. The Catholic church is the Mystical Body of Christ. It, by definition, is One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic, and thus can't be divided. The people who founded the protestant churches are know as heretics: in other words, they protested against some aspect of the faith of the Catholic church, and founded their own churches. Any time you deny something in the faith that is heresy. Lately, they have been protesting against each other and founding even more "churches". But the protestant churches now are not composed of heretics as they were brought up in those churches and never left the Catholic church. To be exact about it, it would be formal heresy, not material.

The movement you are probably referring to is know as the "reformation" although Catholic scholars refer to it as the "revolt". The "reformation" was in the sixteenth century when those who founded the protestant churches left the Church.

from A Catholic Dictionary, edited by Donald Attwater, Second edition, revised 1957

The Protestant Reformation: the revolt from the Catholic Church in Western Europe begun and carried to its height in the 16th century. It differed from all previous heretical movements in that it was not concerned with one or a few definite points of doctrine but was directed against the whole complex and system of Christianity as then understood; it gave licence to the human self in the spiritual and religious order.

Alternative Answer

Since it looks like you're seeking an actual name, the Protestant Reformation is possibly the best choice. The word "Reformation" is worth noting; the early leaders sought reform rather than schism. In their view it was the leaders of the Roman Catholic church who were the heretics and apostates, having changed the tenets of the Church as established by Christ to include notions they felt were at best unsupported by scripture or in some cases actually antagonistic to it (Luther believed the sale of indulgences, for example, to be at odds with Biblical teachings).

It's also worth noting that the Roman Catholic church itself later underwent a Counter-Reformation which eliminated some (though not all) of the practices Luther and others had complained of, effectively tacitly admitting that the accusations were at least partly correct.

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