The Middle East, specifically the Levant region.
Israel is involved in several conflicts and numerous wars, most of which took place in Israel or in the bordering countries.
Palestine, historic region on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, was a strategic location for its fishing and trade.
There are over 50 Islamic countries, so Palestine is certainly not the only Islamic country, but if you are considering Israel and Palestine, yes, Palestine is the Islamic country while Israel is the Jewish country.
The British Mandate of Palestine.
In 1944, Israel/Palestine was under British sovereignty as the British Mandate for Palestine.
Currently its the area known as Israel.
In the region of Israel, which was called Palestine at that time.
Jerusalem is located within the Judean Highlands region of Israel/Palestine, which is part of the Levant region, within the wider Middle East.
The area now called the Holy Land, or Israel/Palestine.
Palestine
No, Samaria is a region in Israel. It is in what is referred to as the West Bank.
Gaza, West Bank, and East Jerusalem are the Palestinian lands according to UN partitioning of lands between Israel and Palestine.
As an official religion, it started in Rome.
Israel is also known as the State of Israel or the Land of Israel. Palestine is also referred to as the State of Palestine or the Palestinian Territories.
The area now called "the Holy Land"--Israel/Palestine.
The area currently known as Israel/Palestine.
The Hebrews settled in the region of Canaan, which is modern-day Israel and Palestine. This region is significant in the history and religious texts of Judaism.