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John Brown and five of his sons moved to Kansas to support the free-soil settlers who wanted Kansas to come into the union as a free state in which slavery would be outlawed.

In May 1856, in response to pro-slavery ruffians attacking Lawrence, Kansas, Brown and his sons attacked and killed five pro-slavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas. After acquiring a bloody reputation in Kansas, Brown set his sights higher. He became convinced that if he started an uprising among slaves by providing weapons and strategy, the revolt would spread across the entire south.

There had been slave uprisings before, most notably the one led by the slave Nat Turner in Virginia in 1831. Turner's rebellion resulted in the deaths of 60 whites and the eventual execution of Turner and more than 50 blacks believed to have been involved.

Brown was very familiar with the history of slave rebellions, yet still believed he could start a guerrilla war in the south.

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