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The Romans used honey, but it took a large amount to sweeten something and it was often in short supply. Roman winemakers found boiling unfermented Grape Juice created a sweeter liquid known as defrutum or sapa. Defrutum was made by boiling off half the volume of must (grape juice) while sapa was obtained by reducing the volume of must by one-third. This started when the wine makers started to use lead pots instead of brass ones. It was led acetate which created the sweetening effect. The boiling process involved long hours and high temperatures, causing lead to seep out of the container, artificially sweetening the liquid. The sweet taste is due to acetic acid in the wine converting to its hydrolysed form, acetate. This combined with lead particles leached from the containers, forming lead acetate. This created led poisoning, which was a big problem in ancient Rome. The Romans also found a way to make a crystalline (solid) form of led acetate. They also used defrutum and sapa to sweeten wine. Romans might drink a litre of wine in a day, and with sweetened wine would ingest up to 20 mg of led.

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