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There were three Punic Wars and each of them had different causes.

The First Punic war was precipitated by some mercenaries from southern Italy who seized the city of Messana (modern Messina) on the east coast of Sicily. They were attacked by the Greek city of Syracuse, the most powerful city in the island (there were Greek cities in the east and the south of Sicily). Carthage had five ports in the west of Sicily. In the past there had been wars between the Carthaginians and the Greeks of Sicily. The mercenaries asked both Rome and Carthage for help. The former decided to help, but established a garrison in Messana. Not happy with this the mercenaries asked Rome for help again. Rome expelled the Carthaginian garrison from Messana and then besieged Syracuse which was forced to become an ally of Rome. Concerned about this alliance, Carthage mobilised for war.

In Second Punic War Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, wanted war because he wanted revenge against Rome for fraudulently seizing Corsica and Sardinia from Carthage taking advantage of the fact that the latter was facing a military rebellion after the first war. Hannibal provoked the war and quickly mobilised an army to invade Italy from his base in the Carthaginian territories in southern Spain.

Rome used an excuse to declare war for the Third Punic War. A political faction in Rome wanted to destroy Carthage because she had recovered economically from the second war. They were afraid of a resurgence in the power of their rival and wanted to eliminate it.

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