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The war's first pitched battle (July 21st 1861), which was a premature attempt by the Union army to march on Richmond, urged by impatient politicians.

The unfortunate General McDowell knew that his army wasn't ready for combat, but still had to launch the operation.

The Union advantage in artillery appeared to be swinging the battle their way, but some Confederates in blue uniforms confused the gunners and the advantage was lost. The Confederate GeneralT.J. Jackson earned his nickname 'Stonewall' here, and on the Union side,the unknown colonel William T. Shermanperformed well (but declared himself insane after the battle).

The Confederates were triumphant, and they gathered upa lot of the enemy'smilitary stores that had been abandoned.The Union retreat was hampered by local families who had come out to watch the battle, and turned into a chaotic scramble to get home. The demoralised troops just hung around the streets of Washington for a few days, before the popular young General George McLellan was sent to re-organise them.

Both sides nowrealised that it was going to be a long war, and no significant actions took place for another six months.

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