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1840-1860 More than 4 million immigrants arrive in the United States. The Great Potato Famine of 1845-1850 prompts a surge in emigration from Ireland. The defeat of the Revolution of 1848 brings German political refugees to the U.S. The Gold Rush in 1849 draws people to California from other parts of the country. In 1855, New York State opens Castle Garden Immigration station in lower Manhattan. In 1858, economic depression and famine in Sweden cause large-scale migration to America.

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