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The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) occurred as a result of an ambitious plan by Confederate general Robert E. Lee to force Lincoln to keep large numbers of troops in the North to prevent attacks by Southern armies. This would have reduced the forces available to invade Virginia and the rest of the South.

Crossing from Virginia (through West Virginia and Maryland) into southern Pennsylvania, Lee forced Lincoln to send the Army of the Potomac north from Washington in pursuit. The two armies collided when Lee's forces turned south seeking supplies. (The story that there were large numbers of shoes that he needed was apparently circulated at a later date.)

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