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His naval forces were limited, while Persia could call on those of Egypt, Phoenicia and the Asian-Greeks, meaning his base in Macedonia and mainland Greece was vulnerable (which is why Alexander targeted those provinces first).

He lacked the funds to pay his army over a long period of campaigning (he captured the Persian treasury after the battle of Issus which gave him the funds to hire more troops and pay their food for the final push on Persia).

Feeding his army and horses in a pre-motorised age was extremely difficult (which is why he timed his campaigns with the harvest seasons).

Matching the Persian cavalry superiority (which is why he established a system of linking his superior armoured infantry with his cavalry through light infantry).

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12y ago

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