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Edward Gibbon (The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire) suggested that Constantine's conversion of himself and his subjects to Christianity was one of the principal causes of the fall of the western Roman Empire, which ceased to exist 139 years after his death. Michael Grant (The Emperor Constantine) agrees that Christianisation may have accelerated the process, but is less certain about the importance of this one factor, placing greater emphasis on other policies of Constantine.

The Christian policy of destroying all books that did not benefit Christianity, even the Great Library of Alexandria, and of restricting education to the clergy, brought about a sudden loss of knowledge and intellectual skills in the empire, and contributed to the onset of the Dark Ages. Many of the technological developments of the early Roman Empire were not recreated until a thousand years later.

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