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The Republic began in ~509BC

but there is no actual date when it became an Empire.

Several events are marked as the transition from Republic to Empire.

Julius Caesar's appointment as dictator (44 BC)

Battle of Actium (2 September 31 BC)

and the Senate granting Octavium honorific Augustus (16 January 27 BC).

(The most common is Ceasar's appointment as dictator.) All of these "beginning's" of the empire fail to even give consideration to the fact that Rome was already an empire during the republic. It became an established empire as it began to expand into Italy and was a major empire after the second Punic war. It was an empire under the Republic form of government. It became an empire under the Principate form of government beginning with Augustus. Remember, an empire is an entity made up of a large group, all ruled by a central authority. In Rome's case, the provinces and territories were ruled from Rome by the senate during the republic, making it an empire at that time.

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