It began in the 1940s at the start of the Cold War.
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It ensures (hopefully) that both nations are too frightened to launch their nuclear munitions.
Mutual assured destruction
The MAD policy is quite simple. It stands for Mutually Assured Destruction. The policy prevents a country from using nuclear weapons of mass destruction. For example, if say country X uses nuclear weapons on country N, then country N, will also use nuclear weapons on country x. In other words, both countries will be annihilated.
Mutually Assured Destruction.
Mutually Assured Destruction made sure that both the United States and Russia were too scared to launch their nuclear munitions at one another (no matter how much they'd like to).