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The Civil Rights Movement began early in the twentieth century, when black Americans formally began organizing. In 1909, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was formed with the goal "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination"; in 1935, the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) was founded; and a number of other local and national groups intent of improving civil rights were organized over this period.

The first notable instance is considered 'Brown v. The Board of Education'. In 1951, the NAACP, on behalf of Mr. Oliver Brown of Topeka KS, whose third grade daughter Linda had been refused admission to the elementary school nearest his home, requested an injunction that would forbid the segregation of Topeka's public schools. This case was not successful and was appealed a number of times, until May 17, 1954 when the US Supreme Court ruled in their favor and struck down the "separate but equal" doctrine, ordering the desegregation of schools across America. This was the beginning of national attention and national participation in the civil rights movement. This decision did not abolish segregation in other public areas, such as restaurants and restrooms; and the road to desegregating the schools did not occur immediately.

The next notable action began on December 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks, a black seamstress, refused to cooperate with a segregation law. As she boarded a public bus in Montgomery, Alabama, she took a seat in the designated "black" rows in the back. When the bus filled up she was asked to move so that a white man could have her spot. She refused to give the man her seat and was then arrested. This event sparked what would become a national movement of resistance to racial segregation and discrimination. Local black leaders of the NAACP organized around Parks, who had been a member of the organization since 1943 and secretary for the local chapter. They decided to start a citywide boycott of the Montgomery bus system on December 5, 1955. The boycott lasted 382 days and was extremely effective as black citizens constituted about 75% of Montgomery's bus riders. But it wasn't until December 17, 1956 that the US District Court ruled on the case, Browder v. Gayle, which had challenged the Alabama state statutes and Montgomery, Alabama, city ordinances requiring segregation on Montgomery buses, and three days later the order for integrated buses arrived in Montgomery.

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