local courts... but they may be taken up to higher courts
In ancient Rome, judges were typically referred to as "praetors." The praetor was an elected magistrate responsible for administering justice and presiding over legal proceedings. There were different types of praetors, such as the praetor urbanus, who dealt with cases involving citizens, and the praetor peregrinus, who handled cases involving foreign nationals. Additionally, in certain contexts, judges could also be called "iudices," referring to individuals appointed to decide specific cases.
The Acquisition of the Philippines was controversial because of the Insular Cases, that made the people of Puerto Rico American citizens, but did not give them all the rights of an American citizen.
There have been dozens of cases that specifically affected women's rights, from gender discrimination to reproductive rights to suffrage cases back in the 1870's..
found the governmental actions in question to be constitutional
In most cases it is.
Federal cases involving citizens of different states are called "diversity" cases if that is the claimed basis for Federal court jurisdiction.
decides cases involving crimes against
Legislative
Federal courts have jurisdiction over four main types of cases: cases involving federal law, cases involving the U.S. Constitution, cases in which the U.S. government is a party, and cases between citizens of different states (diversity jurisdiction) where the amount in controversy exceeds a specified threshold. These cases ensure that federal laws and constitutional rights are upheld uniformly across states. Additionally, federal courts may hear certain specialized cases, such as those involving maritime law or bankruptcy.
Constitutional law
A truly sovereign king can give citizens whatever rights he chooses. In most cases, kings did not impart those rights to any citizen.
Globally, the number is probably closer to 800+.
All cases start out in lower local courts to be heard. After the initial verdict the party that feels that they should have gotten a different outcome they will appeal. The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeals and the verdicts can be fought all the way to them.
Small claims court
The two consuls did all of the following except judge the cases involving non-citizens.
they have upheld the right of society to protect itself against drunk drivers and rejected individual rights arguments
they have upheld the right of society to protect itself against drunk drivers and rejected individual rights arguments