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Umayyad Caliph Ibrahim ruled for a few weeks at the end of the year 744 C.E. This is the shortest reign of any Caliph.

If you are referring to the Rightly-Guided Caliphs, Hassan ibn Ali ruled as Caliph for seven months in 661 C.E. before ceding power to Mu'awiya and conceding the end of the the Rightly-Guided Caliphs. Of the four dominant Rightly-Guided Caliphs, colleague Ibrahim El-Osery is correct that Abu Bakr ibn Quhafah reigned for the the shortest amount of time, 27 months from 632 C.E. to 634 C.E.

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