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Puritan leader, Oliver Cromwell, came to power in a republic called the Commonwealth of England that was created by the Rump Parliament following the execution of King Charles I. After dissolving the Rump Parliament in 1653 was declared Lord Protector of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, in effect becoming a military dictator.

He eventually became extremely unpopular. Most of England jumped for joy at his death in 1658. Cromwell's son Richard succeeded him as Lord Protector, he was not well liked either and resigned after 9 months in office. This created the opening that eventually resulted in the Restoration of Charles II to the throne in 1660.

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