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Desegregation of the public schools took place over a long period of time, due primarily to Southern resistance. Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson were the Presidents in office during the civil rights era, when most of the integration occurred.

President Dwight D. Eisenhower was in office when the US Supreme Court declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional and ordered desegregation take place at "all deliberate speed" (a vague time frame). Although integration began during the Eisenhower administration, the President didn't support it strongly so progress was slow.

President John F. Kennedy, who was elected in 1960, verbally supported the Civil Rights Movement, but was concerned that pressing for integration too rapidly might anger Southern whites and create difficulty passing civil rights legislation in Congress. Many people, including the President's brother, US District Attorney Robert Kennedy, felt he could do more. In the year before his assassination, President Kennedy proposed initiatives that formed the foundation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

President Lyndon B. Johnson, Kennedy's successor, broke a Southern filibuster in the Senate and pushed Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed most forms of racial discrimination. This finally provided a means of policing and enforcing the Supreme Court's decisions in Brown v. Board of Education I and II.

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