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The Confederate garrison under John C. Pemberton and the Union army under U.S. Grant.

Both generals were hampered by background politics. Grant had to cope with a politician-in-uniform (McClernand) who had been given permission to raise a private army to liberate the Mississippi, apparently in order to steal Grant's thunder. Pemberton's problems were worse - he was receiving conflicting orders from his immediate superior Joe Johnston and his president Jefferson Davis, which totally neutered his efforts.

It still took Grant many months to besiege the garrison into surrender. But it ended the war in the West - coincidentally on the same day as the equally decisive Battle of Gettysburg in faraway Pennsylvania.

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