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We are not certain which pharaoh was contemporaneous with the Moses and the exodus. Alot of people say Rameses II is the Pharaoh of the Oppression but at the moment it is not possible to tie the history of the book of Exodus to that of the Egyptian writings. If you think about it while the Israelites find the episode of key importance, seen form the Egyptian viewpoint it may not have been seen (or recorded) as an event of importance (human nature is not usually to make big of defeats!)

According to Wikipedia Pharaohs of Exodus there are 14 candidates;

  • Amenemhat IV (1815 BC to 1806 BC)
  • Tutimaios (circa 1690 BC)- also known as Dudimose
  • A Hyksos king (circa 1648 BC to 1540 BC)
  • Ahmose I (1550 BC to 1525 BC)
  • Thutmose I
  • Thutmose III (1479 BC to 1425 BC)
  • Amenhotep II (1427 BC to 1401 BC)
  • Amenhotep IV, also known as Akhenaten (1352 BC - 1336 BC)
  • Horemheb (circa 1319 BC to 1292 BC)
  • Ramesses I (circa 1292 BC to 1290 BC)
  • Ramesses II (1279 BC to 1213 BC)
  • Merneptah (1213 BC to 1203 BC)
  • Amenmesse (1203 BC to 1199 BC)
  • Setnakhte (1190 BC to 1186 BC)

(The following was added on 3/20/2015):

Increasing evidence points to Thutmose II as being the most likely pharaoh of the Exodus. For the past several years, more people have been suggesting he was the likely candidate, and the fact that his cause of death is unknown leads additional credence to this possibility. Most recently, studies of the mummy of Thutmose II have given even further cause to accept him as the most likely Pharaoh of the Exodus. Since links are not allowed in answers, please do a Google search for an article on release wire entitled "Archaeologist: Reign of Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose II Suggests Crisis" which quotes HarvardUniversity educated archaeologist and president of the Paleontological Research Corporation, Dr. Joel Klenck.

Note that if The Bible account in the Book of Exodus is true, then the "crises" mentioned in the above article make perfect sense. Note that the article does not mention Moses or the Exodus, but the timing of Thutmose II fits well with the understood timeline of the Bible, and the article states the following:

- An inscription by the succeeding Pharaoh Hatshepsut (ca. 1,479-1,457 B.C.) in her Underground Temple at Speos Artemidos states that Egypt was "ruined" and "had gone to pieces" before the beginning of her reign. This makes perfect sense if the previous Pharaoh, Thutmose II, and his entire army were killed in the Red Sea.

- Further, there is evidence that disease affected the royal court before the reign of Hatshepsut. The mummy of Thutmose II is the only corpse of a pharaoh during the Eighteenth Dynasty covered with cysts from an unknown malady.... In addition, Hatshepsut and her successor, Thutmose III (ca. 1,457-1,425 B.C.), bear traces of the disease suggesting their skin healed after a period of time. Recent DNA evidence suggests that Thutmose III might not be related to Thutmose II. That Sitre-In and Thutmose III show evidence of this disease suggests the disease was not hereditary but widely affected Thutmose II and his court. If the plague of the boils in Exodus 9 affected even the Pharaoh, you would expect to find evidence of these boils on his corpse as noted here. Note that commoners were not normally embalmed, so the few mummies of Thutmose II's court would be the only ones we would be able to see today with evidence of the boils... and all of them have such evidence.

- Klenck remarks "From the end of the rule of Thutmose II and throughout the reign of Hatshepsut, Egyptian armies did not leave their country for a period of at least twenty-two years, until the reign of Thutmose III." If the entire Egyptian army was destroyed in the Red Sea, it would have taken several years, or perhaps even a couple of decades to rebuild it.

- Klenck states, "After the reign of Thutmose II, the Egyptian court seems to have had a crisis of faith in their principal deity Amun-Re." If the Egyptians witnessed the plagues of Exodus and the incredible power of the true God, it stands to reason their faith in their previous deities would have been shaken. The Bible even indicates in Exodus 12:38 that some of the Egyptians may have had their faith so thoroughly shaken they decided to join the Israelites.

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