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The god was Bacchus, the Roman equivalent of Dionysus, the Greek god of the grape harvest, winemaking and wine, of ritual madness and ecstasy in Greek mythology. Dionysus is equated with both Bacchus and Liber (also Liber Pater) "the free one" who was a god of male fertility, wine, and growth. His female counterpart was Libera. His festival was the Liberalia.

The festival in in honour was the bacchanalia which was spread into Italy from the Greeks settlements in southern Italy. In Rome the bacchanalia were held in secret and attended by women only, in the grove of Simila, near the Aventine Hill. Later, men were allowed to participate, too.

It was a mystery-cult which was seen as a threat to the political status quo. It was alleged that many crimes committed and and political conspiracies were planned at this festival. A decreed of the senate banned it throughout all Italy except in special cases that required specific approval by the Senate in 186 BC. Despite this, the festivals continued for a long time, especially in southern Italy.

Another festival that could lead to excess was the Saturnalia in honour of Saturn held on December. It was a festival of light which originally preceded the winter solstice. Many candles were lit to symbolise knowledge and truth. It was celebrated with a sacrifice at the Temple of Saturn and a public banquet, followed by private gift-giving, continuous partying, and a carnival atmosphere that overturned Roman social norms. Gambling was allowed and masters served their slaves at the table. Saturn was an agricultural god who ruled the world in the Golden Age, when human society was egalitarian and people enjoyed the spontaneous bounty of the earth without working. The revelries of Saturnalia were supposed to reflect the conditions of the lost mythical age.

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