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Hundreds of them - remembering that these included Brigadiers (who were still called Brigadier-General at that time), and that most of them held volunteer rank only, not substantive rank.

Some of the best officers of the US Army had resigned to join the Confederates. and this left the Union at a disadvantage.

General-in-Chief at the outbreak of war was the venerable Winfield Scott, far too old for command, though he was one of the few top men who anticipated a long war.

None of the Generals who would finally defeat the Confederates - Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, Thomas - enjoyed a high profile in the first year of hostilities.

Prominent names at this time included John Fremont, a popular character of the frontier ('The Pathfinder'), who was out of his depth as a commanding general, and Henry Halleck, a formidable intellectual who was too keen to occupy territory, rather than destroy armies.

Alongside these were many politicians-in-uniform, who were promoted because their influence could recruit local units, but they often made poor commanders.

Lincoln was slow to recognise military talent, but when he eventually promoted Grant to the top job in March 1864, Northern generalship gained the edge over the Confederate.

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