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The Sassanid Persians were the greatest, most powerful and dangerous rivals of the Byzantines, throughout most of Byzantium's existence.The Sassanian empire was founded by Ardeshir Babakan in 224. In 226, the southern Iranian Persians had toppled the Arsacids, who were of northern Iranian origin, from the plains of Scythian in modern day Turkmenistan.From 224-651, the Sassanians fought a series of wars with Byzantium resulting in temporary border changes but the most significant were the permanent incorporation of the Kingdom of Armenia, into Persia and away from the East Roman orbit.Byzantium also lost significant border provinces and fortifications, such as Dara and Nisibis. Byzantium and Persia were truly the supoerpowers of their age, since no other power on Earth was able to challenge the former on such a military, civil and admnistrative scale.Persian rulers who were most successful against the Byzantines were Ardeshir Babakan who triumphed against Severus Alexander and his successor, his son Shapur who defeated three Byzantine emperors (including Gordian III, Valerian and Philip the Arab) and conquered some 40 cities. Subsequent rulers such as Bahram V, Shapur II and Khosro I were highly successful in their campaign against Byzantium, which often was forced to pay a havy tribute of gold to Persia for peace.The two Empires acknowledged each other as civilized and mighty, surrounded by barbarians and nomads on all sides. The final conflict between the two empires began in 602, at the death of Emperor Maurice as his former friend Khosro II launched a devastating campaign against Byzantium, that led to the near extinction of East Roman control over the entire east. Byzantium lost Syria, The Levant and holy land, Egypt, Anatolia etc...within a few years before concluding the fight in 627, when heraclius launched a counter offensive that took the fight to the Persian country.Byzantium and Sassanid Persia eventually established peaceful and cordial relations after much slaughter and the subsequent short lived rulers of Persia were on good terms with heraklius but the Arabian forces of Islam emerged almost as soon as the final conflict between the two empires ended and proceeded to militarily overcome both exhausted empires to spread their Islamic faith.
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