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Portuguese colonies, particularly in Africa, resorted to armed struggle for independence due to the long-standing oppressive colonial rule and the lack of meaningful negotiations for autonomy. The Portuguese authoritarian regime, which was resistant to decolonization, fueled nationalist sentiments and determined resistance movements. Armed struggle became a means to assert national identity, mobilize support, and challenge colonial authority, ultimately leading to the Carnation Revolution in 1974, which facilitated the decolonization process. The violent context of the Cold War also influenced these struggles, as various groups sought support from international allies.

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