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Here is the short version: Africans were taken out of Africa and brought to the United States to function as free labor. In the pre-industrial era, the only way to harvest crops, for instance, was by hand. In the Americas, whites and Native Americans were the original slaves. However, they were not ideal candidates for slavery because they were able to escape for diverse reasons. Because of their skin color, it was easier to identify the Africans as slaves. Therefore, they were less likely to escape successfully. In order to increase their profits margins, owners diverged from the ancient practice of slavery in which the individual could earn his or her freedom and created chattel slavery. In chattlel slavery, the individual and all of the individual's descendants are slaves for his or her lifetime. In order to get a predominantly Christian culture to accept this practice, which was the antithesis of their religious teaching, and to keep the Africans subservient, the slave owners created racist propaganda that Africans were less than human and inferior beings. However, the stereotypes and lies that people of African descent were inferior to whites were generally accepted as true for hundreds of yearsand so were not so easily countered once slavery ended and even persist to this day.

Lastly, the social caste system based on the darkness of a person's skin is prevalent in many cultures besides the American culture. I cannot speak thoughtfully on those origins.

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