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Over time we grow layers on the earth, and the depth of ancient material depends on how long ago it was formed.

Some people thought that ancient crust was buried under material that falls to the Earth from space (meteorites and micrometeorite dust). We now know that this space debris falls on the Earth's surface at a rate of roughly 1 million kg to 10 million kg each day. This is a miniscule amount and only adds an invisible layer of dust about 0.000000007 mm thick each day. I would take 4 million years to become 1 cm thick, and in 400 million years would only be 1 m thick, so this is obviously not the answer.

The answer turns out to be (1) erosion by wind and water, moving vast amounts of soil from highlands to lowlands, and (2) tectonic movement of the Earth's crustal plates, floating on the Earth's molten rock mantle, causing one plate to slide up atop the adjacent plate, pushing the lower plate deeper and deeper.

Not all of Earth's ancient organisms are buried deeply. In places where erosion and tectonic plate collisions are at work, we find dinosaur bones lying exposed on the Earth's surface and coal deposits only a few meters or a few hundred meters below the surface. At the top of Mt Everest climbers have found a huge number of ancient oceanic fossils; the top of Mt Everest was once at the bottom of the ancient Indian ocean, pushed over 9 km upward by the collision of the Indoaustralian Plate crashing into the Eurasian Plate.

So some ancient stuff gets buried deeply by the same forces that push other ancient stuff upwards.

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15y ago

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