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The decline of the Axum civilization, which flourished from the 1st to the 7th century CE, can be attributed to several factors. Environmental changes, such as soil degradation and climate shifts, negatively impacted agriculture, leading to food shortages. Additionally, the rise of Islamic trading powers in the 7th century diverted trade routes away from Axum, diminishing its economic strength. Finally, internal strife and possible overextension weakened the state's political stability, contributing to its eventual decline.

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