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In the early stages from 499 BCE when Persia dominated, they were able to use Greek inter-city rivalries and disunity, ease of bribing their leaders, and in the field, the superiority of their cavalry and the fleets, which latter they levied from Phoenecia, Egypt and the Ionian Greeks as well.

As the Greeks gained more cohesion and the will to combine for their common defence, they were able to consistently defeat the Persians on sea and land, until Persia agreed to peace in 449 BCE.

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12y ago

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