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Invasions brought three more groups, though the extent to which they replaced native populations is unknown

  1. the Old Irish-speaking Scotti (Scots) or more specifically, the Dál Riatans, arrived from Ireland from the late 5th century onwards, taking possession of Argyll and the west coast in the Kingdom of Dál Riata.
  2. the Anglo-Saxons expanding from Bernicia and the continent. Notably seizing Gododdin in the 7th Century. It was their language, a variant of early northern Middle English, now known as Middle Scots but called Ynglis at the time, which eventually became the predominant tongue of lowland Scotland, whereas the name "Scottis" (Modern form: Scots) referred to the Gaelic language spoken largely in the Highlands. However, during the late Middle Ages the name "Scots" was transferred to the Scottish form of English, while the Celtic language of the Highlands came to be known as Erse (Irish) and later as Gaelic.
  3. In the aftermath of the 795 Viking raid on Iona, the Norse Jarls of Orkney took hold of the Western Isles, Caithness and Sutherland, while Norse settlers mixed with the inhabitants of Galloway to become the Gallgaels.
  4. On many occasions - the Scots invaded parts of England during the civil war of the 12th Century and there were many border skirmish's, the English invaded parts of Scotland and claimed parts of the Borders up the Firth of Forth that were formally part of the Kingdom of Northumbria. The last invasion was during the 17th Century and was part of the civil war.
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