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The principal early Christian sects are generally known today as Catholic Orthodox Christianity and Gnosticism, although other groups also existed.

Roman state patronage for the Catholic Orthodox Church ensured that it was able to expropriate the property of other sects that did not share its views, and provided a cover for persecution until there was essentially only one Christian Church left in the Roman Empire.

The view held by religious authorities in the mainly Greek-speaking eastern regions was that there were 5 senior leaders, or Metropolitans, in this Christian Church, one of whom was the bishop of Rome. However, the bishop of Rome, designated in the west as the Pope, insisted that he had greater authority than the other Metropolitans. Gradually, differences built up until the Great Schism of 1054, when Pope Leo IX, through his legates, excommunicated Patriarch Michael I, and Patriarch Michael I excommunicated the papal legates (Leo having already died). There were attempts at reconciliation and the Churches came close to being reunited in 1274 and in 1439, but the schism eventually became permanent.

The western Church, based on Rome, has become known as Roman Catholic, while the eastern Churches have become known as Orthodox Churches.

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