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The word Emperor did not exist. It is derived from Imperator, which was an hororific bestowed on a victorious commander by acclaim of his soldiers after a victory. And the last thing Augustus wanted was to be an Emperor - look what acting like a king had done for his adoptive father Julius Caesar. Octavian (later Augustus) was trying to resolve the problems which had resulted in sporadic civil wars for the past century. Sulla in the 80s BCE had established a new order, which was progressively dismantled by ambitious generals/politicians after his death. Caesar's solution of life Dictatorship (touted by his enemies as kingship) brought plotting to end that life dictatorship. Augustus decided on a more indirect road. In 27 BCE he declared in the Senate 'the Republic restored'. However he subverted this by the personal powers he progressively assumed. He took the powers of a Tribune of the Plebs (personal immunity inside Rome, veto, ability to introduce legislation to the Senate); of a pro-magistrate outside Rome (personal immunity, ability to intervene in affairs of the empire); and control of the frontier provinces (which is where the legions were stationed). His title was Princeps (First Citizen). The following 200 years are known as the Principate, where the real but camouflaged powers that he and his successors wielded left Senate and Consulship intact, but increasingly left overall direction to the Princeps. At least civil wars were averted by this iron hand within the velvet glove.

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