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Valerian was defeated and captured whild trying to liberate the eastern empire from Persian incursions. Defence of the eastern empire against not only Persians but also Goths was the problem, which Valerian's failure did not solve.

The capture of Valerian in the Battle of Edessa caused serious problems for the empire. Valerian was co-emperor in the east and his son Gallienus was co-emperor in the west. The east of the empire lost its leader and Gallienus' position of in the west was weakened.

Following the battle of Edessa, the Persians conducted attacks in Turkey. These were repelled by Macrianus, a tax collector who rallied the Roman forces in Turkey. Macrianus and his two sons became usurpers, taking advantage of the fact that Gallienus was busy in the west. Macrianus invaded Eastern Europe and the legions of Pannonia joined his army. Gallienus sent his commander of the cavalry, Aureolos, with a large force. Macrianus was defeated. However, this deployment weakened Gallienus' military force in the west and left him unable to deal with a rebellion in northern Gaul by Postumus, the commander of the army of the Rhine. Postumus became a usurper who took Gemania, Britannia Hispania and much of Gaul and created a breakaway state which historians have termed the Gallic Empire and which remained independent for 14 years. This weakening of the now sole emperor also led to a rebellion in Egypt by an ex supporter of Macrianus. Gallienus had to fragment his military power further by having to send a force to Egypt to (successfully) supress this revolt. Gallienus also had to deal with a large-scale invasion in the Balkans by the Heruli, which was repelled successfully. Shortly afterwards, Gallienus was treacherously murdered.

The capture of a (co-)emperor by an enemy was a psychological blow. It also left a sole emperor overstretched with dealing with troubles both in the west and the east and a time (the crisis on the 3rd century) when the empire was subjected to constant invasions and usurpations. Gallienus was successful at dealing with the problems in the east, but at the cost of losing a very large part of the European possessions in the west. It was the3rd emperor after Gallienus (Aurelian) who restored order in the empire.

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