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Medieval lords and kings began to build castles just at the time the Carolingian Empire was beginning to collapse, under the pressure of raids by Vikings, Magyars, and Spanish Muslims. The national government was no longer able to stop these raids, or even respond to them, so it became important for the local lords to be able to do so. A castle was the best defense for the purpose.

A medieval castle had some of the same elements as the older Roman castra. It differed in the basic layout. The Roman castra had a square plan, surrounded by walls with gates, built on level land. The castle had a large open area called a bailey, at the foot of a mound called a motte, with both surrounded by walls. ON the motte was a keep, which was strongly fortified and contained storage for provisions. The bailey kept out small groups of raiders, but the keep was the place of refuge in an all-out attack. This newer design was both more versatile and more secure.

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