Selective incorporation, the legal doctrine that ensures states cannot enact laws that infringe on the rights protected by the Bill of Rights, has not fundamentally changed but has evolved through various Supreme Court rulings. Key amendments have been incorporated over time, with the most recent significant cases reinforcing or expanding these protections. However, the core principle remains intact, as the Supreme Court continues to interpret the applicability of the Bill of Rights to the states on a case-by-case basis. Thus, while the specific applications may evolve, the overall framework of selective incorporation persists.
Selective incorporation
Selective incorporation
selective incorporation
Palko vs Connecticut 1937
The shift from total incorporation to selective incorporation in the 1960s was primarily driven by the Supreme Court's desire to balance state and federal powers while ensuring individual rights. Total incorporation would have applied all protections in the Bill of Rights to the states, which was seen as overly broad. Instead, selective incorporation allowed the Court to evaluate and apply specific rights deemed fundamental to the notion of due process under the 14th Amendment. This approach provided a more nuanced framework for protecting individual liberties while respecting states' rights.
Palko v. Connecticut
Some Amendments applied to the States by Amendment XIV.
1st amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause has been used to apply the Bill of Rights (the first ten Amendments to the Constitution) to the States, under the doctrine of "selective incorporation."For more information, see Related Questions, below.
The "total incorporation" argument holds that the 14th Amendment makes the individual States subject to the restrictions of the earlier Amendments. ALL of them. So if one of the Amendments in the Bill of Rights forbids Congress from infringing a particular freedom, then the State legislatures can't do so either."Selective incorporation" holds that only those Amendments that embody certain "fundamental rights" are applied to the States.
Selective incorporation
Total or Mechanical Incorporation (sometimes also called complete incorporation), which was championed by Justice Hugo Black. The US Supreme Court uses "selective incorporation," however.For more information, see Related Questions, below.