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Primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols can be distinguished based on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon atom that carries the hydroxyl (-OH) group. In primary alcohols, the -OH group is attached to a carbon that is bonded to only one other carbon atom. In secondary alcohols, the -OH group is connected to a carbon bonded to two other carbons, while in tertiary alcohols, the -OH group is on a carbon bonded to three other carbons. This can be confirmed using chemical tests, such as oxidation reactions, where primary alcohols oxidize to aldehydes, secondary alcohols to ketones, and tertiary alcohols do not oxidize easily.
Yes, alcohols generally have higher boiling points compared to other substances due to the presence of hydrogen bonding between alcohol molecules.
Primary alcohols have the -OH group attached to a carbon atom that is only bonded to one other carbon atom. Secondary alcohols have the -OH group attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to two other carbon atoms. Tertiary alcohols have the -OH group attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to three other carbon atoms.
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Primary alcohols have the –OH group attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to only one other carbon atom, secondary alcohols have the –OH group attached to a carbon atom bonded to two other carbon atoms, and tertiary alcohols have the –OH group attached to a carbon atom bonded to three other carbon atoms. The classification is based on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon atom holding the –OH group.
No, methyl is not a functional group commonly found in alcohols. The functional group that is commonly found in alcohols is the hydroxyl group (-OH). Methyl, on the other hand, is a functional group commonly found in compounds called methyl groups (-CH3).
The group that imparts polarity to alcohols is the hydroxyl group (-OH). This functional group is highly polar due to the electronegativity difference between oxygen and hydrogen, which creates a dipole moment. As a result, alcohols can form hydrogen bonds with water and other polar substances, contributing to their solubility in water and other polar solvents.
Tertiary alcohols are also bonded to three other carbon atoms (whereas secondary alcohols are bonded to two, primary alcohols to one). These other carbon atoms share their electronegative charges with the middle carbon.
No, ethers are generally less reactive than alcohols. Alcohols have a hydroxyl group (-OH) that can participate in various chemical reactions such as oxidation, dehydration, and nucleophilic substitution. Ethers, on the other hand, lack such a reactive functional group and are generally more inert.
Common oxidizing agents for oxidizing alcohols include chromium(VI) compounds like chromic acid (H2CrO4) or potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), as well as other reagents such as pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC), and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). These agents are used to convert primary alcohols to aldehydes or carboxylic acids, and secondary alcohols to ketones.
Tertiary alcohols typically have a neutral pH around 7 when dissolved in water, as they do not significantly dissociate to produce hydroxide or hydrogen ions. However, their behavior can vary slightly depending on the presence of other functional groups or solvents. In general, tertiary alcohols are less acidic than primary and secondary alcohols due to steric hindrance that affects their ability to donate protons.