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State constitutions that called for segregated schools typically established separate educational facilities for white students and students of color, reflecting the broader system of racial segregation prevalent in the United States, particularly in the South. This segregation was justified under the "separate but equal" doctrine, which was upheld by the Supreme Court in the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson. However, in practice, the facilities and resources allocated to schools for students of color were often inferior, leading to widespread disparities in educational quality. This system remained in place until the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954, which declared that segregated schools were unconstitutional.

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