This would be talking about the Right Turn on Red. In the US the right turn on red is legal at all traffic lights, except where it is specified with a "No Turn on Red" sign (white background black lettering). You can legally turn right after you came to a complete stop at the traffic light, the traffic from the left has the right of way. There are times when you don't need to come to a complete stop when making the right turn on red. Some intersections have a lane median that separates the straight lanes from the right lanes (I don't know the technical term for it). These sometimes will have yield signs at the end, saying you have to yield to the traffic from the left. Really depends on the intersection whether you have to make a complete stop, if you only have to yield, or if you don't have to stop. Many so think at a regular 4-way intersection that the right turn on red is a yield, it's not, it's a stop, you must make your complete stop at the red light before proceeding to make the right turn on red, or if you can make it at all (No Turn on Red sign).
Stopped!
You must still come to a complete stop. Even if there is a flashing red light you must stop.
You can turn left at a red light only if signs specifically permit it. Usually, only right turns are permitted on red when clear.
No, you are not required to turn right at a red light where it is permitted. You have the option to either turn right after stopping and ensuring it is safe or to remain stopped and proceed when the light turns green. Always check for pedestrians and oncoming traffic before making the turn.
Generally, a red light means "stop," but in many cities, it is permitted to make a right turn on red, with caution, if it is safe to do so (no other cars are coming). But as you have noticed, there are exceptions. If you see a sign that says "no right turn on red," that means that specific red light requires a full stop, and you may not make a right turn until the light changes to green. In other words, if you do not see any signs, you generally are allowed to make a right turn on red. If you do see a sign, you are not allowed to make a right turn on red.
Unless the lane is specifically marked as "Right turn permitted without stopping", yes. In any case you would still be required to yield.
You must still come to a complete stop. Even if there is a flashing red light you must stop.
Yes, if it is safe to do so you may turn right on red after making a complete stop unless prohibited by a sign or the signal is a red arrow.
Yield to the right-of-way vehicles, until clear then turn cautiously
No, it is not legal to make a right turn on red at an intersection where there is a "no right on red" sign posted.
In Alabama, school buses are not permitted to turn right on red when their stop signals are activated. When the stop sign is extended, drivers must stop and wait until the signals are deactivated before proceeding. If the stop signals are not activated, a school bus can turn right on red, following the same rules as other vehicles. Always ensure to check local regulations, as they may vary.
No, you cannot turn right on a red arrow in California.