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To ensure accurate data, validation rules can be applied to fields.

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List the different types of database user and explain?

4 Types of Database Users Users are differentiated by the way they expect to interact with the system: · Application programmers - interact with system through DML calls. · Sophisticated users - form requests in a database query language. · Specialized users - write specialized database applications that do not fit into the traditional data processing framework. · Naive users - invoke one of the permanent application programs that have been written previously.FROM: Database Systems Concepts 1.17 Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan c1997


Explain various DDl commands in SQL?

DDL (Data Definition Language) commands in SQL are used to define the structure of database objects. Some common DDL commands include: CREATE: Used to create database objects like tables, views, indexes, etc. ALTER: Used to modify the structure of existing database objects. DROP: Used to delete database objects. TRUNCATE: Used to delete all records from a table.


Explain the purpose and scope of database security?

The purpose of database is to protect unauthorized accessing of data and misuses by hackers and unauthorized personals. So here the database security comes into the picture.Database security denotes the system, processes, and procedures that protect a database from unintended activity. Security is usually enforced through access control, auditing, and encryption. * Access control ensures and restricts who can connect and what can be done to the database. * Auditing logs what action or change has been performed, when and by whom. * Encryption: Since security has become a major issue in recent years, many commercial database vendors provide built-in encryption mechanisms. Data is encoded natively into the tables and deciphered "on the fly" when a query comes in. Connections can also be secured and encrypted if required using DSA, MD5, SSL or legacy encryption standard. Enforcing security is one of the major tasks of the DBA. In the United Kingdom, legislation protecting the public from unauthorized disclosure of personal information held on databases falls under the Office of the Information Commissioner. United Kingdom based organizations holding personal data in electronic format (databases for example) are required to register with the Data Commissioner.[2]


What is an unsafe query and Give an example and explain why it is important to disallow such queries?

An unsafe query is a query that is vulnerable to SQL injection, allowing malicious users to run unauthorized commands on a database. Example: "SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = 'password' OR 1=1;". It's crucial to disallow such queries to prevent security breaches, data manipulation, unauthorized access to information, and potential damage to the database.


What is an unsafe query Give an example and explain why it is important to disallow such queries?

A query in which the output is possibly infinite. This most often occurs in queries which are recursive or which contain negation. Such queries are disallowed by many database management systems to prevent unsafe queries.

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