That separate but equal public education was unconstitutional.
A written code of law serves to establish clear and consistent rules and standards for governing a society. It helps to ensure that citizens know their rights and responsibilities and provides a framework for resolving disputes and enforcing justice.
Written laws today are used as the basis for governing societies, providing guidelines on acceptable behavior and consequences for violations. Legal professionals, such as lawyers and judges, interpret and apply written laws to ensure justice and uphold the rule of law in various legal proceedings. Citizens also use written laws to understand their rights and responsibilities within a society.
A memorandum order is a written directive issued by a court or governmental authority that outlines a decision, ruling, or instructions related to a specific case or administrative matter. It serves as a formal communication to parties involved in the issue at hand, providing clarity on the actions to be taken or the decisions made by the issuing entity.
The Sumerians used written laws, such as the Code of Ur-Nammu and the Code of Hammurabi, to govern their society and establish standards of behavior. These laws helped maintain order, resolve disputes, and ensure justice was served. The written laws were inscribed on stone steles and widely disseminated to inform the public of their rights and responsibilities.
Epistolary Jurisdiction extended by the apex court is one of the most significant procedural innovations to secure justice for all. Encouraging letter petitions is based on the idea of easy and effective access to all without any procedural burden. In order to avoid misuse of letter petitions under the guise of Public Interest Litigation, Public Interest Litigation and information cell, has been set up on Supreme Court of India with a full-fledged staff to deal with its epistolary jurisdiction. Following rules are pursued to give proper direction to the letters received, to be put before the Supreme Court. [1]The letters are first scrutinized by the staff, employed exclusively for this purpose.Letters addressed by or on behalf of persons in custody or for vindication of fundamental rights of women, children or other class of groups of disadvantaged persons, who an account of poverty, disability or socially or economically disadvantaged position cannot approach the courts of justice, such letters are placed before the court by way of Public Interest Litigation.Where it is found that the letter complains of infraction of fundamental right but is on behalf of an individual, it is sent to the Supreme Court Legal aid committee for appropriate action.Where a letter complains of infraction of a legal right as distinct from a fundamental right, the Public Interest Litigation cell sends it to appropriate Legal Aid Board for the purpose of contacting the person who had written the letter and providing him legal aid assistance for enforcing his right.The PIL cell also provides information to the Litigants about their cases which are pending or which they wish to file in the Supreme Court and also gives to the members of the public whatever assistance they require in regard to the procedure for filing of cases in the Supreme Court. Through this all, practice of sending anonymous letters, vague allegations can be prevented. [2]Right of access to justice is the basic human right which is to be assured by every legal system. Treating letter petition as a writ petition in appropriate situations can make the concept of liberty and justice for all more effective. In order to protect and preserve social justice, epistolary jurisdiction can have better impact.By - Adv. Shinsy P.S.Final Year LL.M StudentGovt. Law College, ThrissurKerala
That schools and students receive " equal protection of the laws"
That schools and students receive " equal protection of the laws"
That schools and students receive " equal protection of the laws"
That schools and students receive " equal protection of the laws"
The Supreme Court opinion for Brown v. Topeka Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was written by Chief Justice Earl Warren. The decision was unanimous, which means all nine justices agreed with the opinion.
The groundbreaking civil rights decision Brown v. Board of Education was written by Chief Justice Earl Warren.
If the Chief Justice is part of the majority in a Supreme Court decision, they have the authority to assign the task of writing the court's opinion to themselves or to another justice in the majority. This opinion articulates the Court's reasoning and legal rationale behind the decision. If the Chief Justice is not in the majority, the most senior justice in the majority typically assigns the opinion writing. This process is crucial as the written opinion sets a precedent for future cases.
....disagrees with the majority opinion, and explains his legal rationale for doing so.
George Bally has written: 'The justice of the Supreme Being'
Delivering the court's opinion, Chief Justice Earl Warren asserted that "segregated schools are not equal and cannot be made equal, and hence they are deprived of the equal protection of the laws." This landmark ruling began our nation's long journey toward school desegregation.
In the Supreme Court, the written decision and legal reasoning for a case is called an Opinion.
Majority opinion