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There had been an earlier Fugitive Slave Law, almost from the start. But it had fallen into disuse.

With the Compromise of 1850, Congress was not able to offer the South much hope of new slave-states. So they tried to compensate with a big crackdown on runaways. Under the new Fugitive Slave Act, every citizen became an unpaid slave-catcher, obliged to report anyone who looked like a possible runaway, on pain of a heavy fine. The North reacted badly to this, and Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote 'Uncle Tom's Cabin' as a protest against it.

I don't know whether this Act was ever repealed. But after the start of the Civil War, it too would have fallen into disuse, and been invalidated by the 13th Amendment in 1865.

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