It depends on the context. If they preced the name of a continent they do.
Yes, "Arabs" should be capitalized when referring to the ethnic group or people from the Arab world.
Yes, "Eastern hemlock" should be capitalized as it is a proper noun.
Yes, "Pterodactyl" is supposed to be capitalized as it is a proper noun referring to a specific genus of pterosaur.
Yep. The official name is "Commonwealth of The Bahamas."
No, "adults" is not typically capitalized unless it is part of a proper noun or at the beginning of a sentence.
Yes. It is a proper noun.
Yes, "Arabs" should be capitalized when referring to the ethnic group or people from the Arab world.
Earth, as in we live on the planet Earth, is supposed to be capitalized. Earth, as in the dirt we walk on, is not supposed to be capitalized.
Usually, yes a phase of the moon is supposed to be capitalized.
No, it shouldn't be capitalized.
No it shouldn't be capitalized.
Yes--While the word hemisphere alone is not capitalized, a specific hemisphere (western, eastern, northern or southern) is.
Yes, "Eastern hemlock" should be capitalized as it is a proper noun.
Yes, America should be capitalized.
no
Yes, "Pterodactyl" is supposed to be capitalized as it is a proper noun referring to a specific genus of pterosaur.
No, but the names of individual languages are capitalized.