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On the earliest calendar of ancient Rome, from about 752 BC to about 713 BC, March was the first month of the calendar year; the calendar had ten months:

  • Martius
  • Aprilus
  • Maius
  • Iunius
  • Quintilis (from quinque, meaning five)
  • Sextilis (from sex, meaning six)
  • September (from septem, meaning seven)
  • October (from octo, meaning eight)
  • November (from novem, meaning nine)
  • December (from decem, meaning ten)

They then had 61 days of winter, which did not belong to any month.

In 713 BC, Numa Pompilius reformed the calendar and added Ianuarius and Februarius as the first and second months, giving rise to the confused naming scheme that has persisted until today. The origin of the name Ianuarius is uncertain. The name Februarius comes from februa, the purification ritual observed by the Romans at that time of the year.

In 44 BC, the month of Quintilis was renamed Iulius in honor of Julius Caesar, following his assassination. In 8 BC, the month of Sextilis was renamed Augustus, in honor of Caesar Augustus. Several emperors named months after themselves after that, but none of the names lasted beyond their deaths. None of those name changes had anything to do with October becoming the tenth month, as that had happened over 600 years earlier.

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