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Prior to having the calf, the milk begins to form or snythesize in the cow's mammary glands. Prolactin, adrenal cortical homones and placental lactogen are what are responsible for the beginning of milk synthesis in the cow's udder. All of these hormones increase rapidly right before parturition or birth, which induces greater milk synthesis. After delivery, the hormone (oxytocin) stimulates "milk letdown" from the action of the suckling calf.

Cows will produce milk for up to 10 months normally. The calf suckling action releases more oxytocin from the hypothalamus in the brain which stimlates more milk production. When the calf takes in less milk, the production will slow.

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