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The scientific community now overwhelmingly agrees that earth's 6.5 billion inhabitants are contributing to global warming through heat-trapping greenhouse gas emissions. As companies respond, many are finding that investments in greener operations can offer more payoff than they expected, and some observers see large green-related market opportunities still sitting on the table for innovators to grab.

But along with opportunities come new challenges and risks. Public pressure for quicker action is rising, and new carbon emission regulatory regimes are coming soon, according to experts from business and academia who spoke at the recent First Annual Conference-Workshop on Business and the Environment. The conference was organized by the Initiative for Global Environmental Leadership (IGEL) at Wharton/Penn.

Speakers offered analyses and solutions to the challenges in two of the conference sessions -- "Integrating Environmental Concerns in Business Decision-Making: Internal Processes and External Pressures," and "Business and Climate Change: Mitigation and Adaptation; Regulation and Costs."

All signals suggest a global warming trend is under way, according to Robert W. Corell, global change director at the H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment in Washington, D.C., a nonprofit group that works to improve the scientific and economic foundation for environmental policy. How much of the trend is natural variability and how much is driven by greenhouse gases remains an open question, but the vast majority of the warming trend is man-made, most scientists believe.

Whether earth is undergoing a long-term warming or cooling trend today does not matter when it comes to the prescription for action, however. "The problem is the rate of growth of the human population and the rate of growth of its demand for energy, which would have produced climate crises at any time in earth's history," said Robert F. Giegengack, a professor in the department of earth and environmental science at the University of Pennsylvania.

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