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Transfer pricing refers to the pricing of contributions (assets, tangible and intangible, services, and funds) transferred within an organization. For example, goods from the production division may be sold to the marketing division, or goods from a parent company may be sold to a foreign subsidiary. Since the prices are set within an organisation (i.e., controlled), the typical market mechanisms that establish prices for such transactions between third parties may not apply. The choice of the transfer price will affect the allocation of the total profit among the parts of the company. This is a major concern for fiscal authorities who worry that multi-national entities may set transfer prices on cross-border transactions to reduce taxable profits in their jurisdiction. This has led to the rise of transfer pricing regulations and enforcement, making transfer pricing a major tax compliance issue for multi-national companies.

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What is Heineken pricing strategy?

Globally, Heineken utilizes the premium pricing policy. This is effective as the Heineken brand is unique to that of competitors.


How is pricing policy formulated?

Pricing policy is formulated by assessing various factors including cost of production, market demand, competitor pricing, and overall business objectives. Companies often conduct market research to understand customer perceptions and willingness to pay. Additionally, pricing strategies may be influenced by external factors such as economic conditions and regulatory environments. The goal is to establish a price that maximizes profitability while remaining competitive and appealing to customers.


How pricing theory helps in formulating pricing policy?

Pricing theory provides a framework for understanding how prices are determined in the market based on factors like supply and demand, competition, and customer perceptions. By applying these principles, businesses can develop pricing policies that align with their strategic goals, optimize profit margins, and respond effectively to market conditions. Additionally, pricing theory helps in evaluating the impact of different pricing strategies, such as penetration or skimming, allowing firms to make informed decisions that enhance their competitive advantage. Ultimately, it aids in setting prices that reflect both the value offered to customers and the costs incurred by the business.


What is the difference between price strategy and price tactics?

A price strategy defines the initial price and gives direction for price movements over the product life cycle. The price policy is a strategy set for a specific market segment, based on a well-defined positioning strategy. Price tactics used to fine-tune a base price are the following: discounts (such as cash, quantity, and functional or seasonal discounts); allowances (such as promotional allowances); and rebates. All three are ways to induce buyers to do something they might otherwise not do. Geographic pricing tactics (such as FOB origin, uniform delivered, zone, freight absorption, and basing-point pricing) all moderate the impact of shipping charges as a portion of the product price. Special pricing tactics (such as single-price tactics, flexible pricing, price lining, professional services pricing, leader pricing, odd-even pricing, bait pricing, price bundling, and two-part pricing) can be used for a variety of reasons. For example, a business might decide to introduce a new product at a high skimming price, but use some price tactics such as rebates or freight absorption to induce trial.


How does the skimming pricing policy affect the marketing of primary products?

The skimming pricing policy involves setting a high initial price for a new or innovative product, targeting consumers willing to pay a premium before gradually lowering the price. This strategy can effectively attract early adopters and recoup development costs quickly, allowing for increased brand prestige. However, it may limit market penetration in the long term, as competitors can enter the market with lower-priced alternatives, which could shift consumer perception and demand. Overall, while skimming can enhance short-term profitability, it necessitates careful management of brand positioning and competitive response in marketing primary products.

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